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A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or partially submerged in any body of water, which disrupts the natural flow of water. They can be used to divert, disrupt or completely stop the flow. An example of a hydraulic structure would be a dam, which slows the normal flow rate of river in order to power turbines. A hydraulic structure can be built in rivers, a sea, or any body of water where there is a need for a change in the natural flow of water 1. SPILLWAYS 1. The height of the dam is always fixed according to the maximum reservoir capacity. The normal pool level indicates the maximum capacity of the reservoir. The water is never stored in the reservoir above this level. The dam may fail by over turning so, for the safety of the dam the spillways are essential.  2. The top of the dam is generally utilized by making road. The surplus water is not be allowed to over top the dam, so to stop the over topping by the surplus water, the spillways become extremely essential....

Canals A canal is an artificial channel, generally trapezoidal in shape, constructed on the ground to carry water to the fields either from a river or tank or reservoir. Classification of Canals: The irrigation canals can be classified in different ways based on the following considerations.  1. Classification based on the nature of source of supply: a) Permanent canals  - A permanent canal is one which draws water from a permanent source of supply.  - The canal in such cases is made as a regular graded canal (fixed slope).  - It is provided with permanent regulation and distribution works.  - A permanent canal may also be perennial canal or non-perennial canal depending on whether the source supplying water is a perennial one or a non-perennial.  b) Inundation canals  - An inundation canal is one which draws water from a river when the water level in the river is high or the river is in floods.  - These canals are not provided with any regulatory...

Introduction:  Irrigation may be defined as the process of artificially supplying water to the soil for raising crops. Importance of irrigation 1. Area of less rainfall 2. Non-Uniform rainfall 3. Commercial crops with additional water 4. Controlled Water Supply Types or Systems of Irrigation: Lift Irrigation: It is that system of irrigation in which irrigation water is available at a level lower than that of the land to be irrigated and hence water is lifted by pumps or other mechanism (Hydraulic ram and siphon action) and then conveyed to agriculture fields by gravity flow.  Inundation Irrigation: It is that system of irrigation in which large quantity of water flowing in a river is allowed to flood or inundate the fields to be cultivated.  Perennial Irrigation: It is that system of irrigation in which irrigation water is supplied as per the crop requirements at regular intervals throughout the crop period. Direct Irrigation: It is a type of flow irrigation in which wa...

Of total water on earth - 92.7% of this water is salty and is stored in oceans and seas.  - Only 2.8% of total available water is fresh water.  - Out of this 2.8% fresh water,  - 2.2% is available as surface water and  - 0.6% as ground water. Out Of the 2.2% surface water,  - 2.15% is stored in glaciers and ice caps,  - 0.01% in lakes and streams and the rest is in circulation among the different components of the Earth‘s atmosphere.  Out of the 0.6% ground water only about  - 0.25% can be economically extracted.  It can be summarized that less than 0.26% of fresh water is available for use by humans and hence water has become a very important resource Hydrology : Hydrology may be defined as applied science concerned with water of the Earth in all its states, their occurrences, distribution and circulation through the unending hydrologic cycle of precipitation, consequent runoff, stream flow, infiltration and storage, eventual evaporation an...