KERALA PSC PQ - THEODOLITE SURVEY

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ROOF - Building Materials short notes and previous year questions

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ROOF • Heavy rainfall / snowfall : sloped roof  • Normal rainfall : flat roof  • Architectural : curved roof  TERMS  1. WALL PLATE : transfer load from inclined member to vertical column  2. TEMPLATE : distribute the load over a larger area  3. HIP : if external angle > 180  4. VALLEY : if external angle < 180  5. PRINCIPLE RAFTERS : carries entire load of truss or roof  6. COMMON RAFTERS : carries load of roof covering materials  7. HIP RAFTER : rafter connecting hip points  8. VALLEY RAFTER : rafter connecting Valley points  9. JACK RAFTER : rafter smaller than common rafter  10. VERGE : edge of the gable in a pitched roof  11. BARGE BOARD : wooden plank connecting eaves board and ridge KING POST TRUSS   • Span 5 - 8 m  • Pitch 30 - 40  • King post carries tension loads  • Struts carry compression loads  • Joint connecting principle rafter and king post : mortice and Tenon jo...
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UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS, PAINTING COEFFICIENT, OUT TURN, QUANTITY CALCULATION

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  DEDUCTION  • MASONRY : < 0.1 m2 - no deduction  • PLASTERING :  < 0.5 m2 - no deduction  0.5 - 3 m2 - one side deduction  > 3 - both side deduction  • End of beams, rafters, purlins < 0.05 m2 - no deduction  • Bearing of floors, roof slabs etc. - no deduction DIGREE OF ACCURACY  • Volume - 0.01 m3  • Area - 0.01 m2  • Dimension - 0.01 m  • Weight - 1kg  QUANTITY CALCULATION  PCC  • Maximum size of aggregate 40 mm  • For 1 m3 PCC - 0.95 m3 coarse aggregate is required  RCC  • Maximum size of aggregate 20 mm  • For 1m3 RCC - 0.90 m3 coarse aggregate is require  RCC For 1:1.5:3  Wt of cement = (1/3) x 0.90 x 1440 = 432 kg  Wt of sand = (1.5/3) x 0.90 x 1600 = 747 kg  PCC For 1:4:8  Wt of cement = (1/8) x 0.95 x 1440 = 171 kg  Wt of sand = (4/8) x 0.95 x 1660 = 760 kg PLASTERING  1:3 - 0.14 m3 / 10 m2 (sand) cement = (1/3) x 0.14 x 1440 = 67 kg...
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IRRIGATION - TERMS & DEFINITIONS

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Introduction:  Irrigation may be defined as the process of artificially supplying water to the soil for raising crops. Importance of irrigation 1. Area of less rainfall 2. Non-Uniform rainfall 3. Commercial crops with additional water 4. Controlled Water Supply Types or Systems of Irrigation: Lift Irrigation: It is that system of irrigation in which irrigation water is available at a level lower than that of the land to be irrigated and hence water is lifted by pumps or other mechanism (Hydraulic ram and siphon action) and then conveyed to agriculture fields by gravity flow.  Inundation Irrigation: It is that system of irrigation in which large quantity of water flowing in a river is allowed to flood or inundate the fields to be cultivated.  Perennial Irrigation: It is that system of irrigation in which irrigation water is supplied as per the crop requirements at regular intervals throughout the crop period. Direct Irrigation: It is a type of flow irrigation in which wa...
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