DEDUCTION • MASONRY : < 0.1 m2 - no deduction • PLASTERING : < 0.5 m2 - no deduction 0.5 - 3 m2 - one side deduction > 3 - both side deduction • End of beams, rafters, purlins < 0.05 m2 - no deduction • Bearing of floors, roof slabs etc. - no deduction DIGREE OF ACCURACY • Volume - 0.01 m3 • Area - 0.01 m2 • Dimension - 0.01 m • Weight - 1kg QUANTITY CALCULATION PCC • Maximum size of aggregate 40 mm • For 1 m3 PCC - 0.95 m3 coarse aggregate is required RCC • Maximum size of aggregate 20 mm • For 1m3 RCC - 0.90 m3 coarse aggregate is require RCC For 1:1.5:3 Wt of cement = (1/3) x 0.90 x 1440 = 432 kg Wt of sand = (1.5/3) x 0.90 x 1600 = 747 kg PCC For 1:4:8 Wt of cement = (1/8) x 0.95 x 1440 = 171 kg Wt of sand = (4/8) x 0.95 x 1660 = 760 kg PLASTERING 1:3 - 0.14 m3 / 10 m2 (sand) cement = (1/3) x 0.14 x 1440 = 67 kg 1:4 - 0.15 m3 / 10 m2 (sand) cement = (1/4) x 0.15 x 1440 = 54 kg 1:5 - 0.15 m3 / 10 m2 (sand) cement = (1/5) x 0.15 x 1440 = 43 kg
The shaper is a machine tool used primarily for: 1. Producing a flat or plane surface which may be in a horizontal, a vertical or an angular plane. 2. Making slots, grooves and keyways 3. Producing contour of concave/convex or a combination of these Working Principle: The job is rigidly fixed on the machine table. The single point cutting tool held properly in the tool post is mounted on a reciprocating ram. The reciprocating motion of the ram is obtained by a quick return motion mechanism. As the ram reciprocates, the tool cuts the material during its forward stroke. During return, there is no cutting action and this stroke is called the idle stroke. The forward and return strokes constitute one operating cycle of the shaper. Construction: The main parts of the Shaper machine is Base, Body (Pillar, Frame, Column), Cross rail, Ram and tool head (Tool Post, Tool Slide, Clamper Box Block). Base: - The base is a heavy cast iron casting which is fixed to the shop floor. - It supports
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