PAINT, VARNISH, DISTEMPER

 INGREDIENTS OF  PAINT 

1. Base 

2. Vehicle / carrier 

3. Drier 

4. Pigment 

5. Solvent/ thinner 

BASE 

• Forms the bulk of the paint 

• Imparts durability 

• Characteristics of paint is determined by base 

• Forms an opaque layer 

• Various types of bases : 

Red lead 

Oxides of iron 

Oxides of zinc / zinc white 

White lead 

Titanium white 

Antimony white 

Aluminum powder 

Lithophone

1. READ LEAD 

• Used in iron surface 

• Solidifies in short time with linseed oil 

• Used as primer for wood 

2. WHITE LEAD 

• Most widely used 

• Decolorize if in contact with Sulphur vapor 

• Water proof • Used in wood surface 

3. OXIDES OF ZINC / ZINC WHITE 

• Non poisonous 

• Does not decolorize if in contact with Sulphur vapor 

• Less durable 

• Costly 

4. OXIDES OF IRON 

• Tint varies from yellow brown to black 

• Prevents rusting 

• Prime coat for iron surfaces 

5. TITANIUM WHITE & ANTIMONY WHITE 

• Heat and acid resistant 

• Provide instant opacity to the surface 

• Used as under coat to enamel paints 

6. ALUMINUM POWDER 

• Prevents cracking and warping of wood 

• Moisture content of the wood remains same 

7. LITHOPHONE 

• When exposed to sunlight it changes color 

• Used in inferior wood work 

VEHICLE / CARRIER 

• Holds the ingredients of the pant in a liquid suspension 

• Provide binding property to ingredients so that they stick or adhere to the surface 

• Develop an elastic or protective film 

• Types of vehicles : 

PLeNT Poppy oil : 

• used for obtaining delicate color , costly 

Linseed oil : 

• most commonly used, when exposed to air gets oxidized and thick 

Nut oil : 

• cheap, less durable, used for ordinary work 

Tung oil : 

• for superior quality works 

DRIER 

• Should not be greater than 10 % 

• Acts as a catalyst in process of drying the paint 

• Absorbs oxygen from atmosphere and transfers it to linseed oil which in turn gets hard 

1. OIL DRYER 

i. Litharge 

ii. Magnesium berate 

iii. Magnesium oxide 

2. PASTE DRIERS 

i. Bargles 

ii. Magnesium silicates 

PIGMENTS 

1. Black : lamp black, soot, charcoal black 

2. Brown : burnt umber, raw umber, burnt sienna 

3. Blue : Persian blue, ultra-marine 

4. Green : chrome green, cuso4 

5. Red : venetian red, red lead, Indian red 

6. Yellow : chrome yellow, raw sienna, zinc chrome 

SOLVENT AND THINNER 

• Makes the paint thin 

• Helps the paint penetrate through porous surface 

• Make surface more even and smooth 

1. Oil paints : turpentine , white spirit 

2. Spirit lacquers : alcohol 

3. Distemper : water 

4. Cellulose paint : ethyl amyl acetate 

 DEFECTS IN PAINTING 

1. Blistering : formation of bubbles under paint film 

2. Crawling : final coat applied before first coat dries, droplets formed 

3. Bloom : dull patches on finished surface 

4. Flashing : appearance of glossy patches 

5. Fading : loss of colour gradualy 

6. Grinning : background visible due to low oppasity 

7. saponification : formation of soap bubbles 

8. Flaking : loosening of certain portion of paint 

TYPES OF PAINTS 

1. Aluminum paint 

• Finely ground Al powder in suspension of oil or spirit varnish 

• Spirit evaporates and leave al powder on the surface 

• Visible in dark 

• Good appearance 

• Impervious to moisture 

• Protects from corrosion 

• Resists heat 

• Used in : gas tank, hot water pipe, marine pipe,radiators 

2. Anti-corrosive paint 

• Chromium oxide/lead/read lead/zinc chrome + very fine sand 

• black appearance 

• Durable , cheap 

3. Asbestos paint 

• Applied on surface exposed to acidic gasses , steam 

4. Bituminous paint 

• Asphalt / vegetable mineral / mineral patches + oil / petroleum 

• Underwater construction 

• Alkali resistance 

5. Cellulose paint 

• Nitro cotton / celluloid sheet / photographic film + normal paint 

• Ordinary paint hardens by oxidation while cellulose paint harden by evaporation 

• Costly 

• Wash and clean easily, Flexible & smooth 

• Not affected by heat or cold 

• Used in cars , aero planes 

6. Cement paste 

• White cement + pigment 

• Excellent decorative appearance , water proof , durable 

• Used in plastered surface, sealing of residential 

 7. Colloidal paints 

• No inert material is used 

• Takes more time to settle 

• In the process of settlement it penetrates through the surface 

8. Emulsion paint 

• Binding materials like poly vinyl acetate, synthetic resin etc is used 

• Dries in 1.5 - 2 hrs 

• Can be cleaned with water 

• Alkali resistant , odorless 

9. Enamel paint 

• White lead / zinc white + oil + petroleum spirit + resinous matter 

10. Graphite paint 

• Used in mines and underground railways 

• Resists cl, s, NH3 

11. Luminous paint 

• Calcium sulphide + varnish 

• Shines in darkness 

12. Inodorous paint 

• White lead / zinc white + methylated spirit 

• No turpentine is used 

13. Oil paints 

• Applied in 3 coats 

• Ordinary paint 

14. Plastic paint 

• Used in showroom, auditorium etc 

15. Silica paint 

• Can withstand extreme heat 16. Synthetic rubber / rubber base paints 

• Resistant to water

VARNISHES

 • Transparent or nearly transparent solution of resinous matter 

COMPONENTS : 

1. resin : amber, common resin, copal, gum dammer, mastic, lac/shellac ( most commonly used ) 

2. Solvent : Methylated spirit/ wine, turpentine, Boiled linseed oil, Wooden naptha

3. Drier : litharge, lead acetate, white copper

TYPES 

1. Oil varnish : made from hard resin, used in exposed surface, dries slowly 

2. Turpentine varnish : quick drying, not tough 

3. Spirit varnish : soft resin + methylated spirit , used in furniture. French polish is a variety - gives fine finish for wood 

4. Water varnish : shellac in hot water, mainly used in varnishing maps, pictures solvent Resin Boiled linseed oil Amber, copal turpentine Common resin, gum dammer, mastic Methylated spirit/ wine Lac/shallac Wooden naptha Raw copal 

DISTEMPER

 

• Whiting / chalk + pigment + glue + water 

• BASE : whiting / chalk 

• BINDER : pigment + glue 

• SOLVENT : water 

PREVIOUS YEAR REPEATED QUESTIONS BASED ON PAINT VARNISH DISTEMPER