civilwartestseries

TILES  • thin slab of brick burned in kiln  1. COMMON TILES : used for paving roofing flooring  2. ENCAUSTIC TILES : used for decorative purpose in floors, walls, ceilings  COMMON TILES  • Manufacture steps  i. Preparation of clay  ii. Molding  iii. Drying  iv. Burning : sial kote kiln for 72 hrs @ 1300*c  TYPES OF COMMON TILES  1. DRAIN TILES : porous , used in irrigation  2. FLOOR / PAVING TILES : used in paving  3. ROOF TILES : covering pitched roof  i. ALAHABAD TILES : have projections used for interlocking  ii. CORRUGATED TILES : has corrugations on surface  iii. FLAT TILES : ordinary  iv. FLEMISH TILES : shape of letter S  v. GUNA TILES : hollow tapered, conical in shape  vi. MANGALORE TILES  a. CLASS AA  b. CLASS A  vii. POT TILES / LOCKING TILES : ordinary half round country tiles  viii. PAN TILES : short & heavy  ix. ENCAUSTIC TILES : 3 layers - bo...

• Ferrous metals : wrought iron, caste iron, steel  • Nonferrous metals : tin, zinc, aluminum etc.  IRON ORE  • Naturally occurring mineral aggregate from which one or more valuable constituent may be recovered by certain treatment  • Impurities present in iron ore are  1. Carbon  2. Manganese  3. Prosperous  4. Sulfur TYPES OF PIG IRON  BESSEMER PIG   • Obtained from hematite  • Free from cu, P, S  • Used in manufacture of steel  GREY/FOUNDRY PIG  • Raw materials burned at high temp  • Soft variety  • Used in manufacture of cast iron  WHITE / FORGED PIG  • Raw material Is burned at low temp  • Hard &strong  • Used in manufacture of wrought iron  MOTTLED PIG • Lies between grey pig and white pig CAST IRON  • 2 - 4 % carbon content  • Made from remelting pig iron ( grey pig )  • Made in CUPOLA FURNACE  • Impurities : Manganese, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Silica...

• Binding material ( bond strength ) + fine aggregate ( rigidity, prevent shrinkage ) + water ( flexibility & plasticity )  • Ph of water - potable water - should not be less than 7  • Water quality code - IS 456  FINE AGGREGATE  • Major component - Silica / oxides of silica  • Major mineral component - quartz + feldspar  • Fineness index used for mortar : 2.5 - 3 ( >2.5 , < 3 )  • Fineness index : relative size of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate Aggregate type and Fineness index  Fine  : 2.2 - 2.6 Medium   :  2.6 - 2.9 fine coarse  :  2.9 - 3.2  CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ORIGIN  PIT SAND   • Collected form pit of depth 1 - 2 m  • Red orange  • Angular  • High bond strength  • Used in superior works  RIVER SAND  • Collected from river  • White  • Spherical, rounded  • Low bond strength  • Used in plastering works  SEA SAND • Collect...

• Density : 24.3 KN/m3 • Burning temperature : 1400 - 1500*C  • Natural type of glass : rock crystals  • Glass is formed by the solidification of molten metallic silicates  • Glass is a solidified super cooled liquid of various metals having infinite viscosity  • glass is transparent and good insulator due to the absence of free electron TYPES OF GLASS  Soda lime glass  • Soft glass / commercial glass  • Sodium silicate + calcium silicate  • Fuses at low temp  • Available in pure state  • Used in pipette, burette   Potash lime glass  • Hard glass / bohemian glass  • Potassium silicate + calcium silicate  • Fuses at high temp  • Used in glass articles which withstand high temperature  Potash lead glass  • Flint glass  • Potassium silicate + lead silicate  • Fuses very easily  • Becomes black and opaque in contact with furnace gas  • Used in lens, prism, gems  Common glass...

• When height above floor level exceeds 1.5 m a temporary structure is erected for a safe working platform for worker and space for materials  TERMS  1. STANDARDS : vertical members of framework, supported on the ground  2. LEDGERS : horizontal members // to the wall  3. PUTLOGS : transverse members, one side supported on ledgers & other on wall  4. TRANSOM : both the edges are supported on ledgers  5. BRACES : diagonal pieces fixed on standards  6. BRIDLE : a piece used to bridge an opening to walls and support putlog  7. GUARD RAIL : rail parallel to ledgers at working level for safety  8. TOE BOARD : board placed // to ledger & supported by putlogs  9. RAKERS : inclined support  TYPES OF SCAFFOLDINGS  1. SINGLE / PUTLOG / BRICKLAYER SCAFFOLDING  • Most common type  • Mostly used in brickwork  • Spacing b/w standards : 2 - 2.5 m  • Vertical distance b/w ledgers : 1.2 - 1.8 m  • Horizont...

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS BASED ON ARCH 

Length of lintel taken as  • Minimum of  • 10 cm  • Height of the lintel  • 1/10 to 1/12 span  MATERIALS USED  1. WOOD  • max 1m span  • Height / depth = 1/8 to 1/12 span ( min 8 cm )  • Types :  1. Simple lintel : 3 timber pieces placed connected by bolt  2. Built up lintel : packing piece Is given  3. Fletched lintel : 2 or more wooden lintel with steel plates at the center  2. STONE LINTEL ( 1 - 2 m )  • Low tensile resistance so relieving arch is provided if span exceed 1 m  • Depth of lintel = 1 / 10 span of lintel  • Costly  • Cracks formed when subjected to vibratory loads  3. BRICK LINTELS ( 1m / max 1.2 m )  • Well burned bricks are used  • Temporary support known as turning piece is used  • Bricks having frogs form key between layers such type of lintels are known as joggled lintels  • For heavy loads reinforced brick lintels are used ( 1.2 m )  • Gap filled...

 INGREDIENTS OF  PAINT  1. Base  2. Vehicle / carrier  3. Drier  4. Pigment  5. Solvent/ thinner  BASE  • Forms the bulk of the paint  • Imparts durability  • Characteristics of paint is determined by base  • Forms an opaque layer  • Various types of bases :  Red lead  Oxides of iron  Oxides of zinc / zinc white  White lead  Titanium white  Antimony white  Aluminum powder  Lithophone 1. READ LEAD  • Used in iron surface  • Solidifies in short time with linseed oil  • Used as primer for wood  2. WHITE LEAD  • Most widely used  • Decolorize if in contact with Sulphur vapor  • Water proof • Used in wood surface  3. OXIDES OF ZINC / ZINC WHITE  • Non poisonous  • Does not decolorize if in contact with Sulphur vapor  • Less durable  • Costly  4. OXIDES OF IRON  • Tint varies from yellow brown to black  • Prevents r...

POINTING & PLASTERING  • Pointing : Finishing of masonry joints  • Plastering : finishing for exposed surface  PROCEDURE FOR POINTING AND PLASTERING  • Scrapping out 20 mm  • Applying water jet to remove loose particles  • Provide 3 hrs resting period  • Mortar used  • Cement mortar  • Interior 1:3 - 1:4  • Exterior 1:4 - 1:6  • Lime mortar 1:2 TYPES OF POINTING  1. BEADED POINTING  • architectural importance  2. FLUSH POINTING  • thick new mortar layer applied over old layer  3. RECESSED POINTING  • 5mm recess is provided  4. STRUCK POINTING  • 10 mm inside 5.  5. V POINTING  TOOLS USED IN PLASTERING  1. trowel  • to apply mortar between 2 course  • Bullnose trowel : apply on external surface  • Pointed trowel : corners  2. Float : to check verticality  • Screed : small projections constructed for plastering purpose  Defects in plastering...

DAMP PROOF COURSE  MATERIALS USED AS DPC  • FLEXIBLE : bitumen  • SEMI RIGID : mastic asphalt  • Min lap distance between bituminous felt sheet : 100  • STONES : high dense stones are used eg. Granite, slates  • BRICKS : water absorption should not be greater than 4.5 %  • PLASTIC SHEETS : 0.5 - 1 mm thick polyethene sheets are used  • Flat roof is affected more due to dampness  METHODS OF DAMP PROOFING  • Finishing mortar : 1 : 4  • Creating a concrete layer 1:6:12 (costly) (combination of concrete layer and terrazzo also used)  • Damp proofing compounds ( 2 - 10 N for 1 bag cement)  FOUNDATION DAMP PROOFING  1. Air drain / water drain  • Air cavity is provided  2. Termite attacks  • White ants cause damage to building str Sub terrain termites   • Ground nesting termites  • Damages building structure  • Methods to prevent damage :  • Soil treatment ( mixing DDT , BHC with...

DOORS  • Normal height : 2 m  • Residential building width  • Interior : 0.8  • Exterior : 1 - 1.1  • Average min width : 0.75  • Public building : 1.2  DESIGN • Keeping W constant H = W + ( 1.1 - 1.2 )  • Keeping H constant W = H x ( 0.4 - 0.6 )  DESIGNATION   8D20 : 800 mm door 2000 mm  WINDOWS  • 30 m3 volume : 1 m3 window  • In residential building area of window : 15 % floor area, 10 % glazed  • In public building area of window : 20 %  • Sill height : 70 - 80 cm Design  DESIGN • W = 1/8 ( height + width )  DESIGNATION 5WT21 : 500mm Window Twin shutter 2100 mm • Freeze rail : any rail between mid & top or bottom  • Rebate : cutting to accommodate shutter TYPES OF DOORS AND WINDOWS  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS BASED ON DOORS & WINDOWS

STAIRS  TERMS  1. BALUSTRADE : combination of framework of baluster & hand rail  2. FLIGHT : series of step without landing or break  3. RUN : total length including landing  4. THREAD = going + nosing  5. RISE : vertical distance , riser : vertical member  6. FLIERS : rectangular steps of uniform shape and size  7. LANDING : platform between two flights  i. Quarter space landing  ii. Half space landing  8. WINDERS : turning step used for changing directions  9. STRING / STRINGER : sloping member which supports the step  10. SOFFIT : under surface of stair  11. HEADER : horizontal structural member supporting stair  12. CARRIAGE : rough timber supporting steps of wooden stairs  13. SCOTIA : additional ornamental work provided to nosing  14. WALKING LINE :  • approx. walking distance of people in stair  • 45 cm from the hand rail  15. WAIST : thickness of structural slab in case ...

Foundations  • IS 1924  • Foundations ( sub structure) is the lower portion the building , usually located below ground level, which transmits the load of the super structure to the sub soil.  TERMS  • Gross pressure intensity (q)  • Net pressure intensity (qn )  • Ultimate bearing capacity (qf)  • Net ultimate bearing capacity (qnf)  • Net safe bearing capacity (qns)  • Safe bearing capacity (qs)  • Allowable bearing capacity (qa)  • ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY (QF ) : It is the maximum pressure that a foundation soil can withstand without undergoing shear failure.  • NET ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY (QNF) :  • It is the maximum extra pressure (in addition to initial overburden pressure) that a foundation soil can withstand without undergoing shear failure.  • qnf = qf – qo  • Here, qo represents the overburden pressure at foundation level and is equal to үD for level ground without surcharge where ү is the unit wei...

ROOF • Heavy rainfall / snowfall : sloped roof  • Normal rainfall : flat roof  • Architectural : curved roof  TERMS  1. WALL PLATE : transfer load from inclined member to vertical column  2. TEMPLATE : distribute the load over a larger area  3. HIP : if external angle > 180  4. VALLEY : if external angle < 180  5. PRINCIPLE RAFTERS : carries entire load of truss or roof  6. COMMON RAFTERS : carries load of roof covering materials  7. HIP RAFTER : rafter connecting hip points  8. VALLEY RAFTER : rafter connecting Valley points  9. JACK RAFTER : rafter smaller than common rafter  10. VERGE : edge of the gable in a pitched roof  11. BARGE BOARD : wooden plank connecting eaves board and ridge KING POST TRUSS   • Span 5 - 8 m  • Pitch 30 - 40  • King post carries tension loads  • Struts carry compression loads  • Joint connecting principle rafter and king post : mortice and Tenon jo...

STONES CLASSIFICATION :  I. GEOLOGICAL  II. PHYSICAL  III. CHEMICAL  1. GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION  i. IGNEOUS ROCKS :  • formed by the solidification of molten magma  • On the basis of cooling classified into 3 Plutonic rocks • Formed at considerable depth • Slow cooling • Coarse grained , crystalline  • Most commonly used  • Granite, pegmatite, diorite, gabbro  Hypabyssal rocks  • Formed at shallower depth  • Quick cooling  • Fine grained , crystalline  • Dolerite , quartz  Volcanic rocks • Formed at the surface  • Very rapid cooling  • extremely fine grained  • Basalt , pumice stone , trap 2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS  • Formed by the deposition of products of weathering of preexisting rocks  • 4 types of deposits  i. Residual deposits : some portion of weathered product remains at the site of origin  ii. Sedimentary deposits : insoluble broducts carried away in suspension  iii...

LIME • BC 4000 Egypt Rome  • Lime is an oxide of calcium, CaO  CALCINATION : process of converting limestone into redness nature  HYDRAULICITY : process of hardening in the presence of moisture  QUICK LIME / LUMP LIME / CAUSTIC LIME ( CAO )  • Formed by the calcination of limestone  SLAKING  • Converting quick lime to hydrated / slaked / lime water  • 2 - 3 hrs for completion  • In theory water content of 32 % of cao is taken  • In practical condition 2 - 3 times WC taken  • MILK OF LIME : pourable suspension of slaked lime (4-6 times water content of cao )  CONSTITUENTS OF LIME 1. CLAY  • 8 - 30 %  • Improves hydraulicity  2. SOLUBLE SILICA  • Silicates of mg, ca, al  • Improve hydraulicity at high temp  3. MAGNESIUM CARBONATE  • Slows down slaking process  • Increase setting time  • It can replace clay content in limestone by 30%  4. ALKALIES / METALLIC OXIDES  • Accelera...

TIMBER Timber denotes wood which is suitable for building or carpentry and for various engineering and other purposes PROCESSING OF TIMBER  1. FELLING OF TREE  • Age of tree for felling : 50 - 100 years  • Season for felling  • Hilly area : mid-summer  • Plane area : mid-winter  2. SEASONING OF TIMBER  • Freshly felled tree moisture content : 50 %  • optimum moisture content : 8 - 12%  • Free moisture : moisture present in cell cavities  • Bound moisture : moisture present in cell wall  • Fiber saturation point : point at which no more moisture present in cell cavities  i. NATURAL SEASONING  • Arranged in stacks size 1.5 x 3m  • Seasoning time : 2 - 4 years  ii. ARTIFICIAL SEASONING  • Kiln Seasoning : 3 to 12 days.  • Chemical Seasoning : 30 to 40 days.  • Electric Seasoning : 5 to 8 hours.  iii. WATER SEASONING : 2 - 4 weeks CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBER  WR.TO SEASONING  1. NON REFRACT...