KWA | TRACER | OVERSEER PART - 4

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UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS, PAINTING COEFFICIENT, OUT TURN, QUANTITY CALCULATION

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  DEDUCTION  • MASONRY : < 0.1 m2 - no deduction  • PLASTERING :  < 0.5 m2 - no deduction  0.5 - 3 m2 - one side deduction  > 3 - both side deduction  • End of beams, rafters, purlins < 0.05 m2 - no deduction  • Bearing of floors, roof slabs etc. - no deduction DIGREE OF ACCURACY  • Volume - 0.01 m3  • Area - 0.01 m2  • Dimension - 0.01 m  • Weight - 1kg  QUANTITY CALCULATION  PCC  • Maximum size of aggregate 40 mm  • For 1 m3 PCC - 0.95 m3 coarse aggregate is required  RCC  • Maximum size of aggregate 20 mm  • For 1m3 RCC - 0.90 m3 coarse aggregate is require  RCC For 1:1.5:3  Wt of cement = (1/3) x 0.90 x 1440 = 432 kg  Wt of sand = (1.5/3) x 0.90 x 1600 = 747 kg  PCC For 1:4:8  Wt of cement = (1/8) x 0.95 x 1440 = 171 kg  Wt of sand = (4/8) x 0.95 x 1660 = 760 kg PLASTERING  1:3 - 0.14 m3 / 10 m2 (sand) cement = (1/3) x 0.14 x 1440 = 67 kg...
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BASICS, SOURCES OF WATER, WATER DEMAND

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Raw Water Source The various sources of water can be classified into two categories: 1. Surface sources, such as a. Ponds and lakes; b. Streams and rivers; c. Storage reservoirs; and d. Oceans, generally not used for water supplies, at present. 2. Sub-surface sources or underground sources, such as a. Springs; b. Infiltration wells ; and c. Wells and Tube-wells. Water Quantity Estimation The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the water supply scheme has to be designed requires following data: 1. Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head) 2. Population to be served. Quantity= Per capita demand x Population Water Consumption Rate Domestic Consumption  : 135 lpcd ( 200 if full flush system ) industrial demand : 70 lpcd public demand : 10 lpcd losses & thefts : 55 lpcd Offices , Schools : 45 - 90 lpcd Residential, Hospital : 180 lpcd Restorants, Railways : 70 lpcd Fire Fighting Demand: The per capita fire demand is very less on an ave...
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MACHINE TOOLS - SHAPER MACHINE

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The shaper is a machine tool used primarily for:  1. Producing a flat or plane surface which may be in a horizontal, a vertical or an angular plane.  2. Making slots, grooves and keyways  3. Producing contour of concave/convex or a combination of these Working Principle: The job is rigidly fixed on the machine table. The single point cutting tool held properly in the tool post is mounted on a reciprocating ram. The reciprocating motion of the ram is obtained by a quick return motion mechanism. As the ram reciprocates, the tool cuts the material during its forward stroke. During return, there is no cutting action and this stroke is called the idle stroke. The forward and return strokes constitute one operating cycle of the shaper.  Construction: The main parts of the Shaper machine is Base, Body (Pillar, Frame, Column), Cross rail, Ram and tool head (Tool Post, Tool Slide, Clamper Box Block). Base:  - The base is a heavy cast iron casting which is fixed to the sh...
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